"Ongororo yeSpindle Transmission Structures muMachining Centers"
Mumunda wemazuva ano mechanical processing, machining nzvimbo dzinotora chinzvimbo chakakosha nekwavo kunoshanda uye kwakaringana kugadzirisa. Iyo nhamba yekudzora sisitimu, semusimboti wekutonga wenzvimbo yekugadzira machining, inoraira iyo yese yekugadzirisa maitiro sehuropi hwemunhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, spindle yenzvimbo yekugadzira yakaenzana nemoyo wemunhu uye ndiyo sosi yesimba guru rekugadzirisa renzvimbo yekugadzira. Kukosha kwaro kunobuda pachena. Naizvozvo, pakusarudza spindle yenzvimbo yekugadzira machining, munhu anofanira kungwarira zvakanyanya.
Maspindle enzvimbo dzekugadzira machining anogona kunyanya kuiswa mumhando ina zvichienderana neayo ekutapurirana zvimiro: giya-inotyairwa maspindle, mabhandi-inotyairwa maspindle, akananga-akabatana maspindle, uye emagetsi maspindle. Aya mana ekutapurirana zvimiro ane hunhu hwawo uye akasiyana anotenderera kumhanya, uye anotamba yakasarudzika mabhenefiti mune akasiyana ekugadzirisa mamiriro.
I. Chirukwa chinofambiswa negiya
Iyo yekutenderera yekumhanya yegiya-inotyairwa spindle inowanzoita 6000r/min. Imwe yeayo makuru maitiro ndeye yakanaka spindle rigidity, iyo inoita kuti ive yakakodzera kwazvo kune inorema yekucheka zviitiko. Mukati mekucheka kunorema, iyo spindle inoda kukwanisa kumira nesimba rakakura rekucheka pasina deformation iri pachena. Iyo giya-inofambiswa spindle inongozadzisa ichi chinodiwa. Pamusoro pezvo, masipindo anotyairwa negiya anowanzo kuve akashongedzerwa pamichina yakawanda-inoruka. Multi-spindle machines kazhinji inoda kugadzirisa akawanda workpieces panguva imwe chete kana synchronously kugadzirisa akawanda zvikamu zveimwe workpiece, izvo zvinoda kuti spindle ive nekugadzikana kwepamusoro uye kuvimbika. Iyo nzira yekufambisa giya inogona kuve yakatsetseka uye iko kurongeka kwekufambisa kwesimba, nekudaro ichiva nechokwadi chekugadzirisa mhando uye kushanda zvakanaka kweakawanda-spindle michina.
Iyo yekutenderera yekumhanya yegiya-inotyairwa spindle inowanzoita 6000r/min. Imwe yeayo makuru maitiro ndeye yakanaka spindle rigidity, iyo inoita kuti ive yakakodzera kwazvo kune inorema yekucheka zviitiko. Mukati mekucheka kunorema, iyo spindle inoda kukwanisa kumira nesimba rakakura rekucheka pasina deformation iri pachena. Iyo giya-inofambiswa spindle inongozadzisa ichi chinodiwa. Pamusoro pezvo, masipindo anotyairwa negiya anowanzo kuve akashongedzerwa pamichina yakawanda-inoruka. Multi-spindle machines kazhinji inoda kugadzirisa akawanda workpieces panguva imwe chete kana synchronously kugadzirisa akawanda zvikamu zveimwe workpiece, izvo zvinoda kuti spindle ive nekugadzikana kwepamusoro uye kuvimbika. Iyo nzira yekufambisa giya inogona kuve yakatsetseka uye iko kurongeka kwekufambisa kwesimba, nekudaro ichiva nechokwadi chekugadzirisa mhando uye kushanda zvakanaka kweakawanda-spindle michina.
Nekudaro, magiya anofambiswa negiya anewo zvimwe zvikanganiso. Nekuda kweiyo yakaomesesa giya yekufambisa chimiro, iyo yekugadzira uye yekugadzirisa mitengo yakakwira. Zvakare, magiya anozoburitsa imwe ruzha uye vibration panguva yekutapurirana maitiro, ayo anogona kuve nekumwe kukanganisa pakugadzirisa kurongeka. Pamusoro pezvo, kugona kwekufambisa kwegiya kwakadzikira uye kunopedza huwandu hwesimba.
II. bhandi-inofambiswa nerunyoro
Iyo inotenderera yekumhanya yebhandi-inofambiswa spindle ndeye 8000r/min. Ichi chimiro chekufambisa chine akawanda akakosha mabhenefiti. Chokutanga pane zvose, chimiro chakareruka ndechimwe chezvinhu zvayo zvikuru. Kufambiswa kwebhandi kunoumbwa nemapulley nemabhandi. Chimiro chacho chiri nyore uye chiri nyore kugadzira uye kuisa. Izvi hazvingodzikisi mitengo yekugadzira asiwo zvinoita kuti kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kuve nyore. Kechipiri, kugadzirwa kuri nyore zvakare imwe yemabhenefiti emabhandi anofambiswa nemaspindle. Nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakareruka, maitiro ekugadzira ari nyore kudzora, ayo anogona kuve nechokwadi chemhando yepamusoro yekugadzira uye kugona. Uyezve, zvirunga zvinofambiswa nebhandi zvine simba rekuvharisa. Munguva yekugadziriswa, iyo spindle inogona kuve pasi peakasiyana maitiro uye vibrations. Iyo elasticity yebhanhire inogona kuita yakanaka buffering basa uye kudzivirira spindle uye zvimwe zvekutakura zvinhu kubva mukukuvadzwa. Uyezve, kana iyo spindle yaremerwa, bhandi rinotsvedza, iro rinonyatso chengetedza jira uye rinodzivirira kukuvadzwa nekuda kwekuremerwa.
Iyo inotenderera yekumhanya yebhandi-inofambiswa spindle ndeye 8000r/min. Ichi chimiro chekufambisa chine akawanda akakosha mabhenefiti. Chokutanga pane zvose, chimiro chakareruka ndechimwe chezvinhu zvayo zvikuru. Kufambiswa kwebhandi kunoumbwa nemapulley nemabhandi. Chimiro chacho chiri nyore uye chiri nyore kugadzira uye kuisa. Izvi hazvingodzikisi mitengo yekugadzira asiwo zvinoita kuti kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kuve nyore. Kechipiri, kugadzirwa kuri nyore zvakare imwe yemabhenefiti emabhandi anofambiswa nemaspindle. Nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakareruka, maitiro ekugadzira ari nyore kudzora, ayo anogona kuve nechokwadi chemhando yepamusoro yekugadzira uye kugona. Uyezve, zvirunga zvinofambiswa nebhandi zvine simba rekuvharisa. Munguva yekugadziriswa, iyo spindle inogona kuve pasi peakasiyana maitiro uye vibrations. Iyo elasticity yebhanhire inogona kuita yakanaka buffering basa uye kudzivirira spindle uye zvimwe zvekutakura zvinhu kubva mukukuvadzwa. Uyezve, kana iyo spindle yaremerwa, bhandi rinotsvedza, iro rinonyatso chengetedza jira uye rinodzivirira kukuvadzwa nekuda kwekuremerwa.
Zvisinei, mabhanhire anofambiswa nebhandi haana kukwana. Bhandi richaratidza kupfeka uye kuchembera zviitiko mushure mekushandisa kwenguva refu uye inoda kuchinjwa nguva dzose. Mukuwedzera, iko kurongeka kwebhanhire kutapurirana kunenge kwakaderera uye kunogona kunge kune imwe mhedzisiro pakugadzirisa kurongeka. Nekudaro, kune dzimwe nguva uko izvo zvinodikanwa zvekugadzirisa hazvina kunyanya kukwirira, bhandi-inofambiswa spindle ichiri sarudzo yakanaka.
III. Yakananga-yakabatana spindle
Iyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle inotyairwa nekubatanidza spindle uye mota kuburikidza nekubatanidza. Ichi chimiro chekufambisa chine maitiro ehombe torsion uye yakaderera simba rekushandisa. Kumhanya kwayo kunotenderera kuri pamusoro pe12000r/min uye inowanzoshandiswa munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzekugadzira machining. Iyo yepamusoro-yekumhanya mashandiro kugona kweiyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle inoipa iyo mabhenefiti makuru kana ichigadzira workpieces ine yakakwirira chaiyo uye yakaoma maumbirwo. Inogona kukurumidza kupedzisa kucheka kugadzirwa, kuvandudza mashandiro ekugadzirisa, uye kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirisa mhando panguva imwe chete.
Iyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle inotyairwa nekubatanidza spindle uye mota kuburikidza nekubatanidza. Ichi chimiro chekufambisa chine maitiro ehombe torsion uye yakaderera simba rekushandisa. Kumhanya kwayo kunotenderera kuri pamusoro pe12000r/min uye inowanzoshandiswa munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzekugadzira machining. Iyo yepamusoro-yekumhanya mashandiro kugona kweiyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle inoipa iyo mabhenefiti makuru kana ichigadzira workpieces ine yakakwirira chaiyo uye yakaoma maumbirwo. Inogona kukurumidza kupedzisa kucheka kugadzirwa, kuvandudza mashandiro ekugadzirisa, uye kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirisa mhando panguva imwe chete.
Izvo zvakanakira iyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle zvakare inorara mukukwirira kwayo kwekufambisa. Sezvo iyo spindle yakabatana zvakananga kune mota isina mamwe matani ekutapurirana pakati, kurasikirwa kwesimba kunodzikiswa uye mwero wekushandisa simba unovandudzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, iko kurongeka kweiyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle zvakare yakakwira uye inogona kusangana nezviitiko nepamusoro pekugadzirisa zvinodiwa.
Nekudaro, iyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle inewo zvimwe zvayakaipira. Nekuda kwekumhanya kwayo kukuru kwekutenderera, zvinodiwa zvemota uye coupling zvakare zvakakwirira, izvo zvinowedzera mutengo wemidziyo. Uyezve, iyo yakananga-yakabatana spindle inoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwekupisa panguva yekumhanya-mhanya uye inoda inoshanda kutonhora sisitimu kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwakajairika kweiyo spindle.
IV. Electric spindle
Iyo electric spindle inobatanidza spindle uye mota. Mota ndiyo inorukwa uye chokurunga ndiyo mota. Izvo zviviri zvinosanganiswa kuita chimwe. Iyi yakasarudzika dhizaini inoita kuti cheni yekutapurirana yemagetsi spindle iite zero, ichivandudza zvakanyanya kutapurirana kunyatsoita uye nemazvo. Iyo inotenderera yekumhanyisa yemagetsi spindle iri pakati pe18000 - 40000r/min. Kunyangwe munyika dzakapfuura dzekunze, maspindle emagetsi anoshandisa magineti levitation bearings uye hydrostatic bearings anogona kusvika pakutenderera kumhanya kwe100000r/min. Kumhanya kwakadai kwekutenderera kunoita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzinomhanya-mhanya machining.
Iyo electric spindle inobatanidza spindle uye mota. Mota ndiyo inorukwa uye chokurunga ndiyo mota. Izvo zviviri zvinosanganiswa kuita chimwe. Iyi yakasarudzika dhizaini inoita kuti cheni yekutapurirana yemagetsi spindle iite zero, ichivandudza zvakanyanya kutapurirana kunyatsoita uye nemazvo. Iyo inotenderera yekumhanyisa yemagetsi spindle iri pakati pe18000 - 40000r/min. Kunyangwe munyika dzakapfuura dzekunze, maspindle emagetsi anoshandisa magineti levitation bearings uye hydrostatic bearings anogona kusvika pakutenderera kumhanya kwe100000r/min. Kumhanya kwakadai kwekutenderera kunoita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzinomhanya-mhanya machining.
Zvakanakira zvemagetsi spindles zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Chekutanga pane zvese, nekuti hapana zvechinyakare zvekufambisa zvikamu, chimiro chakanyanya compact uye chinotora nzvimbo shoma, iyo inoenderana neiyo yakazara dhizaini uye marongero eiyo machining centre. Kechipiri, kumhanya kwekupindura kweyemagetsi spindle inokurumidza uye inogona kusvika kune yakakwirira-yekumhanya mamiriro ekushanda munguva pfupi, ichivandudza kugadzirisa kushanda. Uyezve, iko kurongeka kwemagetsi spindle kwakakwira uye inogona kusangana nezviitiko zvine yakanyanya kukwirisa kugadzirisa zvinodiwa. Mukuwedzera, ruzha uye kudengenyeka kwemagetsi emagetsi zviduku, izvo zvinobatsira pakugadzira nzvimbo yakanaka yekugadzirisa.
Nekudaro, maspindle emagetsi anewo zvimwe zvikanganiso. Izvo zvinodiwa zvekugadzira tekinoroji zvemagetsi spindles zvakakwirira uye mutengo wakanyanya. Uyezve, kuchengetedza kwemagetsi spindles kwakanyanya kuoma. Kamwe kukundikana kunoitika, nyanzvi dzehunyanzvi dzinodiwa pakugadzirisa. Uye zvakare, iyo yemagetsi spindle inoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwekupisa panguva yekukurumidza-kumhanya kushanda uye inoda yakanyatso kutonhora system kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwayo.
Pakati penzvimbo dzakajairwa dzemuchina, kune marudzi matatu ekutapurirana dhizaini maspindles akajairika, anoti mabhandi anofambiswa nemaspindle, akananga-akabatana maspindle, uye emagetsi maspindle. Magear-driven spindles haawanzo shandiswa pane machining nzvimbo, asi anowanzoitika pane akawanda-spindle machining nzvimbo. Mabhanhire anofambiswa nebhandi anowanzo shandiswa padiki machining nzvimbo nenzvimbo hombe dzemuchina. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo bhandi-inofambiswa spindle ine yakapusa chimiro uye yakasimba buffering kugona, uye inogona kuenderana nekugadzirisa zvinodiwa zvemachining nzvimbo dzehukuru hwakasiyana. Ma Direct-coupled spindles uye electric spindles anowanzo shandiswa pahigh-speed machining centers. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ivo vane hunhu hwekutenderera kwekumhanya uye kurongeka kwepamusoro, uye vanogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvepamusoro-kumhanya machining nzvimbo dzekugadzirisa zvinobudirira uye kunaka kwekugadzirisa.
Mukupedzisa, zvimiro zvekutapurirana zvemachining center spindles zvine zvazvakanakira uye zvazvakaipira. Pakusarudza, kutarisisa kwakadzama kunoda kupihwa zvichienderana neakananga kugadzirisa zvinodiwa uye bhajeti. Kana kunorema kucheka kugadzirisa kuchidikanwa, giya-inofambiswa spindle inogona kusarudzwa; kana izvo zvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa zvisiri izvo zvakanyanya kukwirira uye chimiro chakareruka uye mutengo wakaderera unodiwa, bhandi-inofambiswa spindle inogona kusarudzwa; kana kushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro kunodiwa uye kururamisa kwepamusoro kunodiwa, jira rakananga-yakabatanidzwa kana spindle yemagetsi inogona kusarudzwa. Chete nekusarudza iyo yakakodzera spindle transmission chimiro kunogona kuita kwenzvimbo yemuchina kuzadzikiswa uye kugadzirisa mashandiro uye kunaka kwekugadzirisa kunogona kuvandudzwa.