《Kududzirwa Kwakadzama kweMaitiro Akachengeteka Ekushanda kweVertical Machining Centers》
I. Nhanganyaya
Seyakakwirira-chaiyo uye yakakwira-inoshanda machining michina, yakamira machining centre inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira kwemazuva ano. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekumhanya kwayo kumhanya, yakakwirira machining kurongeka uye inosanganisira yakaoma mechini uye magetsi masisitimu, kune dzimwe njodzi dzekuchengetedza panguva yekushanda. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha zvakanyanya kunyatso kutevedzera nzira dzakachengeteka dzekushanda. Izvi zvinotevera dudziro yakadzama uye mu-kudzika kwekuongorora kwega yega nzira yakachengeteka yekushandisa.
II. Yakanyanya Safe Operating Procedus
Teerera neyakajairwa yakachengeteka maitiro ekushanda kwevashandi vanogaya uye vanofinha. Pfeka zvinyorwa zvinodzivirira vashandi sezvinodiwa.
Maitirwo ekushanda akachengeteka evashandi vekugaya uye vanofinha ndiyo nzira dzekuchengetedza dzakapfupikiswa kuburikidza nekuita kwenguva refu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kupfeka zvidzitiro zvekuchengetedza, magirazi ekuchengetedza, magirovhosi ekudzivirira, anti - impact shoes, etc. Zvidzitiro zvekuchengetedza zvinogona kunyatsodzivirira musoro kubva pakukuvadzwa nezvinhu zvinodonha kubva kumusoro; magirazi ekuchengetedza anogona kudzivirira maziso kubva mukukuvadzwa nekuputika senge simbi machipisi uye inotonhorera inogadzirwa panguva yekugadzira machining; magirovhosi ekudzivirira anogona kudzivirira maoko kuti asakwenywa nemidziyo, mipendero yebasa, nezvimwewo panguva yekushanda; anti - impact shangu dzinogona kudzivirira tsoka kubva pakukuvadzwa nezvinhu zvinorema. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinodzivirira vashandi ndiwo mutsara wekutanga wekudzivirira kune vanoshanda munzvimbo yekushanda, uye kuregeredza chero ipi zvayo inogona kukonzera tsaona dzakakomba dzekukuvara.
Tarisa uone kana kubatanidza kwechibatiso chekushanda, switch, knob, fixture mechanism uye hydraulic piston zviri munzvimbo chaiyo, kana kushanda kuri kuchinjika, uye kana michina yekuchengetedza yakakwana uye yakavimbika.
Nzvimbo dzakaringana dzechibatiso chekushanda, chinja uye knob inovimbisa kuti michina inogona kushanda zvinoenderana neinotarirwa modhi. Kana izvi zvikamu zvisiri munzvimbo kwayo, zvinogona kukonzera zviito zvemidziyo zvisina kujairika uye kunyange kutungamirira kunjodzi. Semuyenzaniso, kana mubato wekushanda uri panzvimbo isiriyo, zvinogona kukonzera kuti mudziyo udye pausingafanire, zvichikonzera kuti workpiece chirahwe kana kukuvadza muchina. Iyo yekubatanidza mamiriro eiyo fixture meshini inobata zvakananga iyo clamping mhedzisiro yeworkpiece. Kana iyo gadziriso yakasununguka, iyo workpiece inogona kutamiswa panguva yekugadzira machining, izvo zvisingazongokanganisa machining kurongeka, asi zvakare zvinogona kutungamira kune njodzi mamiriro akadai sekukuvadzwa kwechishandiso uye workpiece ichibhururuka kunze. Kubatana kweiyo hydraulic piston kwakakosha zvakare sezvo ine hukama nekuti iyo hydraulic system yemidziyo inogona kushanda zvakajairwa. Uye zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza, senge emergency stop mabhatani uye ekudzivirira magonhi ekuvharira, ndiyo yakakosha zvivakwa zvekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwevashandisi. Midziyo yedziviriro yakakwana uye yakavimbika inogona kukurumidza kumisa midziyo panguva yekukurumidzira kudzivirira tsaona.
Tarisa uone kana paine zvipingamupinyi mukati meiyo inoshanda nhangemutange yeaxis yega yega ye vertical machining center.
Pamberi pemachining centre isati yatanga, nhanho yekumhanya yeaxis yega yega (senge X, Y, Z axes, nezvimwewo) inofanira kunyatsotariswa. Kuvepo kwechero zvipingamupinyi kunogona kukanganisa kufamba kwakajairwa kwemasanhu akarongeka, zvichikonzera kuwandisa uye kukuvadzwa kweaxis motors, uye kutokonzera kuti maekisi akarongeka atsauke kubva kune yakafanotemerwa track uye kukonzeresa kutadza kwemuchina. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekudzika kweZ - axis, kana paine maturusi asina kuchena kana maturusi ebasa pazasi, zvinogona kukonzera zvakakomba sekukotama kweZ - axis lead screw uye kupera kwenjanji. Izvi hazvizongokanganisa kurongeka kwemuchina wemuchina, asi zvakare kuwedzera mutengo wekugadzirisa midziyo uye kutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwevashandisi.
Izvo zvinorambidzwa zvachose kushandisa chishandiso chemuchina kupfuura kuita kwayo. Sarudza inonzwisisika yekucheka kumhanya uye chiyero chekudya zvinoenderana neiyo workpiece zvinhu.
Imwe neimwe vertical machining center ine maitiro ayo ekuita maparameters, anosanganisira yakakura machining size, yakanyanya simba, maximum rotation speed, maximum feed rate, etc. Kushandisa mudziyo wemuchina kupfuura kuita kwayo kuchaita kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chemuchina wemuchina chitakure mutoro unopfuura dhizaini yekugadzira, zvichikonzera matambudziko akadai sekupisa kwemota, kuwedzera kupera kweiyo lead screw, uye deformation yegwara renjanji. Panguva imwecheteyo, kusarudza inonzwisisika yekucheka kumhanya uye chiyero chekudya zvinoenderana neyeworkpiece zvinhu ndiyo kiyi yekuve nechokwadi chemhando yekugadzira uye kuvandudza machining kunyatsoita. Zvishandiso zvakasiyana zvine zvinhu zvakasiyana zvemakina zvakadai sekuoma uye kuoma. Semuyenzaniso, pane musiyano mukuru mukucheka kukurumidza uye chiyero chekudya kana uchigadzira aluminium alloy nesimbi isina tsvina. Kana kumhanya kwekucheka kuri kukurumidza kana chiyero chekudya chakakurisa, zvinogona kutungamira mukupfeka kwechishandiso, kuderera kwemhando yebasa repamusoro, uye kunyangwe kuputsika kwechishandiso uye kuputswa kwechishandiso.
Pakurodha uye kuburitsa zvinorema workpieces, inonzwisisika yekusimudza mudziyo uye nzira yekusimudza inofanirwa kusarudzwa zvichienderana nehuremu uye chimiro chebasa rekushanda.
Kune inorema workpieces, kana yakakodzera kusimudza mudziyo uye nzira yekusimudza isina kusarudzwa, panogona kuve nenjodzi yekudonha kweworkpiece panguva yekurodha nekuburitsa. Zvinoenderana nehuremu hwechishandiso, zvirevo zvakasiyana zvema cranes, hoist yemagetsi uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekusimudza zvinogona kusarudzwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, chimiro che workpiece chichakanganisawo kusarudzwa kwekusimudza midziyo uye nzira dzekusimudza. Semuenzaniso, kune maworkpiece ane maumbirwo asina kujairika, zvigadziriso zvakakosha kana midziyo yekusimudza ine akawanda mapoinzi ekusimudza inogona kudikanwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenzanisa uye kugadzikana kweiyo workpiece panguva yekusimudza maitiro. Munguva yekusimudza maitiro, mushandisi anofanirawo kutarisisa kune zvinhu zvakaita sekutakura simba remudziyo wekusimudza uye kona yechipfuramabwe kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwekusimudza.
Kana iyo spindle ye vertical machining centre ichitenderera uye ichifamba, zvinorambidzwa zvachose kubata chirungiro uye zvishandiso zvakaiswa pamagumo echirukwa nemaoko.
Kana chokurunga chichitenderera uye chichifamba, kumhanya kwacho kunokurumidza, uye maturusi anowanzo kupinza zvakanyanya. Kubata chirungiro kana maturusi nemaoko kunonyanyoita kuti zvigunwe zvive 卷入 chirukwa kana kuchekwa nemidziyo. Kunyangwe muchiitiko chekumhanya kunoratidzika kunge kwakaderera, kutenderera kwechirukwa uye simba rekucheka rezvishandiso zvinogona kukonzera kukuvadza kwakakomba kumuviri wemunhu. Izvi zvinoda kuti mushandisi achengetedze chinhambwe chakakwana chekuchengetedza panguva yekushanda kwemidziyo uye kunyatsotevedzera maitiro ekushanda, uye usambofa panjodzi yekubata chinomhanya chinomhanya uye zvishandiso nemaoko nekuda kwekuregeredza kwechinguvana.
Paunenge uchitsiva maturusi, muchina unofanirwa kumira kutanga, uye kutsiva kunogona kuitwa mushure mekusimbiswa. Kuchenjerera kunofanira kubhadharwa kune kukanganisa kwekucheka kwekucheka panguva yekutsiviwa.
Kutsiviwa kwechishandiso chinhu chakajairika mukuita machining, asi kana ikasashandiswa nemazvo, zvinounza njodzi dzekuchengetedza. Kutsiva maturusi munzvimbo yakamira kunogona kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kweanoshanda uye kudzivirira chishandiso kubva mukukuvadza vanhu nekuda kwekutenderera kwakangoerekana kwaitwa spindle. Mushure mekusimbisa kuti muchina wakamira, mushandisi anodawo kutarisisa kune kutungamira uye chinzvimbo chekucheka kumucheto kana uchitsiva maturusi ekudzivirira ekucheka kumucheto kubva pakukwenya ruoko. Uye zvakare, mushure mekutsiva maturusi, maturusi anofanirwa kuiswa nemazvo uye iyo clamping degree yezvishandiso inoda kutariswa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti maturusi haazosununguke panguva yekugadzira machining.
Zvinorambidzwa kutsika pamusoro pegwara renjanji uye pendi pamusoro pemidziyo kana kuisa zvinhu pazviri. Izvo zvinorambidzwa zvachose kugogodza kana kutwasanudza workpieces pane workbench.
Iyo inotungamira njanji yepamusoro yemidziyo chikamu chakakosha chekuve nechokwadi chekufamba kwakaringana kwemaakisi ekurongeka, uye kurongeka kwayo kwakakwira zvakanyanya. Kutsika pamusoro pegwara renjanji kana kuisa zvinhu pairi kuchaparadza kurongeka kwechitima chegwara uye kukanganisa iko kurongeka kwemuchina. Panguva imwecheteyo, pendi yepamusoro haingoiti basa mukushongedza, asiwo ine chimwe chekudzivirira pamichina. Kukuvadza nzvimbo yependi kunogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko akaita sengura uye kuora kwemidziyo. Kugogodza kana kutwasanudza workpieces pane workbench zvakare hazvibvumirwi, nokuti zvinogona kukuvadza flatness ye workbench uye kukanganisa machining kururama kwe workpiece. Pamusoro pezvo, simba rekuita rinogadzirwa panguva yekugogodza rinogona kukonzera kukanganisa kune zvimwe zvikamu zvemuchina chishandiso.
Mushure mekuisa iyo machining chirongwa cheiyo workpiece nyowani, iko kurongeka kwechirongwa kunofanirwa kuongororwa, uye kana iyo yakateedzerwa inomhanya chirongwa chakarurama. Kuita otomatiki kutenderera hakubvumidzwe pasina kuyedza kudzivirira kutadza kwemuchina.
Iyo machining chirongwa cheworkpiece nyowani inogona kunge iine zvikanganiso zvehurongwa, senge syntax zvikanganiso, kurongedza kukosha zvikanganiso, chishandiso nzira zvikanganiso, etc. Kana chirongwa chisina kutariswa uye simulated kumhanya kusingaitwe, uye yakananga otomatiki kutenderera kushanda kunoitwa, zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko akadai sekudhumhana pakati pechishandiso uye workpiece, pamusoro-kufamba kweiyo coordination axes, uye machini asina kunaka. Nekutarisa kurongeka kwechirongwa, zvikanganiso izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa uye kugadziriswa nenguva. Kutevedzera chirongwa chekumhanya kunobvumira mushandisi kuti atarise mafambiro echishandiso pamberi pemachining chaiwo kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti chirongwa chinosangana nezvinodiwa zvemachining. Chete mushure mekutarisa kwakakwana uye kuyedza uye kusimbisa kuti chirongwa chacho chakarurama ndipo otomatiki cycle oparesheni inogona kuitwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kutsetseka kwemaitiro ekugadzira.
Paunenge uchishandisa radial mudziyo unobata musoro wakatarisana wekucheka wega, bhaa rinofinha rinofanira kutanga radzoserwa panzvimbo ye zero, rozochinjirwa kune yakatarisana musoro modhi muMDA modhi neM43. Kana iyo U - axis ichida kufambiswa, inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti U - axis manual clamping mudziyo wasunungurwa.
Kushanda kweiyo radial tool inobata musoro wakatarisana inoda kuitwa zvakanyatsoenderana nematanho akatarwa. Kudzorera bhara rinobhowa kunzvimbo ye zero kutanga kunogona kudzivirira kukanganisa kana uchichinja kune yakatarisana musoro modhi. MDA (Manual Data Input) modhi ibhuku rekugadzirisa uye kuuraya maitiro ekushanda. Kushandisa iyo M43 rairo yekuchinja kune yakatarisana musoro modhi ndiyo maitiro ekushanda anotsanangurwa nemidziyo. Nekufamba kweU - axis, zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi kuti iyo U - axis manual clamping mudziyo yakasunungurwa, nekuti kana iyo clamping mudziyo ukasasunungurwa, zvinogona kukonzera kunetsa mukufambisa U - axis uye kutokuvadza nzira yekufambisa yeU - axis. Kuitwa kwakasimba kwematanho ekushanda aya kunogona kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakajairwa kweiyo radial mudziyo inobata musoro wakatarisana uye kuderedza kuitika kwekutadza kwemidziyo uye tsaona dzekuchengetedza.
Kana zvichidikanwa kutenderedza bhenji rekushanda (B - axis) panguva yebasa, inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi kuti haizopesane nezvimwe zvikamu zvemuchina kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakatenderedza muchina chishandiso panguva yekutenderera.
Kutenderera kwebhenji rebasa (B - axis) kunosanganisira huwandu hukuru hwekufamba. Kana ikadhumhana nezvimwe zvikamu zvechishandiso chemuchina kana zvinhu zvakatenderedza panguva yekutenderera, inogona kukonzera kukuvadzwa kune bhenji rekushanda uye zvimwe zvikamu, uye kutokanganisa kukwana kwese kwechishandiso chemuchina. Usati watenderedza bhenji rebasa, mushandisi anofanirwa kunyatso tarisa nharaunda yakatenderedza uye kutarisa kana paine zvipingamupinyi. Kune mamwe akaomesesa machining mamiriro, zvingave zvakafanira kuitisa simulations kana kuyerwa pachine nguva kuti ive nechokwadi nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekutenderera kwebhenji rebasa.
Panguva yekushanda kweiyo vertical machining centre, hazvibvumidzwe kubata nzvimbo dzakatenderedza chinotenderera chinotungamira screw, yakatsetseka tsvimbo, spindle uye yakatarisana nemusoro, uye mushandisi haagare pane zvinofamba zvikamu zvemuchina chishandiso.
Nzvimbo dzakatenderedza siruu inotenderera yelead, tsvimbo yakatsetseka, spindle uye musoro wakatarisana inzvimbo dzine njodzi. Zvikamu izvi zvine kumhanya kwakanyanya uye hombe kinetic simba panguva yekuvhiya, uye kuzvibata zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba kwemunhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, kunewo njodzi munzvimbo dzinofamba dzemuchina wekushandisa panguva yekushanda. Kana mushandisi akagara pavari, anogona kubatwa munzvimbo ine ngozi nekufamba kwezvikamu kana kukuvadzwa nekusvina pakati pezvikamu zvinofamba uye zvimwe zvakagadziriswa. Naizvozvo, panguva yekushanda kwechishandiso chemuchina, mushandisi anofanira kuchengetedza chinhambwe kubva munzvimbo idzi dzine njodzi kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwake.
Munguva yekushanda kweiyo vertical machining center, mushandisi haabvumirwi kubva panzvimbo yekushanda pasina mvumo kana kupa vamwe kuti vatarisire.
Munguva yekushanda kwechishandiso chemuchina, akasiyana mamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika anogona kuitika, sekupfeka kwemidziyo, kusunungurwa kwechishandiso, uye kutadza kwemidziyo. Kana mushandisi akasiya nzvimbo yekushanda pasina mvumo kana kupa vamwe kuti vatarisire, zvinogona kutungamira mukutadza kuona uye kubata neaya mamiriro asina kujairika nenguva, zvichikonzera tsaona dzakakomba dzekuchengetedza kana kukuvara kwemidziyo. Mushandi anofanirwa kutarisisa kumhanyisa mamiriro emuchina wekushandisa nguva dzese uye kutora matanho akakodzera kune chero mamiriro asina kujairika kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kugadzikana kweiyo machining process.
Kana zviitiko zvisina kujairika uye ruzha zvikaitika panguva yekushanda kweiyo vertical machining centre, muchina unofanirwa kumiswa nekukasira, chikonzero chinofanirwa kuwanikwa, uye chinofanira kugadziriswa nenguva.
Zviitiko zvisina kujairika uye ruzha zvinowanzova zvinokonzeresa zvekutadza kwemidziyo. Semuyenzaniso, kuzunguzika kusingaite kungave chiratidzo chekupfeka kwechishandiso, kusaenzana kana kusunungurwa kwezvikamu zvematurusi emuchina; ruzha rune hasha runogona kunge rwuri kuratidzwa kwezvinetso zvakaita sekutakura kukuvara uye kushomeka kwegiya meshing. Kumisa muchina nekukasira kunogona kudzivirira kutadza kubva pakuwedzera kuwedzera uye kuderedza njodzi yekukuvara kwemidziyo uye tsaona dzekuchengetedza. Kutsvaga chikonzero kunoda kuti mushandisi ave nehumwe huwandu hweruzivo rwekugadzirisa midziyo uye ruzivo, uye nekutsvaga chikonzero chekutadza kuburikidza nekutarisa, kuongorora uye dzimwe nzira, uye kubata nazvo nekufamba kwenguva, sekutsiva maturusi akasakara, kuomesa zvidimbu zvisina kusimba, uye kutsiva mabhengi akakuvadzwa.
Kana iyo spindle bhokisi uye workbench yemuchina chishandiso chiri kana padyo nenzvimbo yekufamba, mushandisi haapinde munzvimbo dzinotevera:
(1) Pakati pepasi pepamusoro pebhokisi rekuruka uye muviri wemashini;
(2) Pakati pemugero unoboora nechishandiso;
(3) Pakati pekufinha shaft kana yawedzerwa uye muviri wechina kana nzvimbo yebasa;
(4) Pakati pebhenji rebasa uye bhokisi rekuruka panguva yekufamba;
(5) Pakati pemuswe wemuswe mbiya uye madziro neoiri tangi kana shaft inofinha ichitenderera;
(6) Pakati pebhenji uye mbiru yepamberi;
(7) Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogona kukonzera kusvinwa.
Kana aya mativi emuchina wekushandisa ari kana padyo nenzvimbo yekufamba, nzvimbo idzi dzinozoita njodzi. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo iri pakati pepasi pepamusoro pebhokisi re spindle uye mutumbi wemuchina unogona kuderera nekukurumidza panguva yekufamba kwebhokisi re spindle, uye kupinda munzvimbo iyi kunogona kuita kuti mushandisi asvinwe; kune ngozi dzakafanana munzvimbo dziri pakati pehuputi hunofinha uye workpiece, pakati pehuputi hunofinha kana huchiwedzerwa uye muviri wemuchina kana nzvimbo yebasa rekushanda, etc. Mushandi anofanira kugara achiteerera kune nzvimbo dzezvikamu izvi, uye kudzivisa kupinda munzvimbo idzi dzine ngozi pavanenge vari pedyo nenzvimbo yemuganhu wekufamba kudzivirira njodzi dzekukuvara kwevanhu.
Paunenge uchivhara nzvimbo yakamira machining, bhenji rekushanda rinofanira kudzoserwa panzvimbo yepakati, bhara rinofinha rinofanira kudzoserwa, ipapo sisitimu yekushandisa inofanira kubuda, uye pakupedzisira magetsi anofanira kubviswa.
Kudzorera bhenji rekushanda panzvimbo yepakati uye kudzorera bhari rinofinha kunogona kuve nechokwadi chokuti midziyo iri munzvimbo yakachengeteka kana yatangwa nguva inotevera, kudzivisa kutanga-kuoma kuoma kana njodzi dzekudhumhana nekuda kwebhenji rekushanda kana bhari rinofinha riri panzvimbo yemuganhu. Kubuda kweiyo inoshanda sisitimu kunogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti data riri muhurongwa rakachengetedzwa nemazvo uye kurasikirwa kwedata kunodzivirirwa. Pakupedzisira, kutema magetsi ndiyo nhanho yekupedzisira yekuvhara kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti michina inomira kushanda zvachose uye kubvisa njodzi dzekuchengetedza magetsi.
III. Summary
Maitiro akachengeteka ekushanda kweiyo vertical machining centre ndiyo kiyi yekuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakachengeteka kwemidziyo, kuchengetedzwa kwevashandisi uye machining mhando. Vashandi vanofanirwa kunzwisisa zvakadzama uye kunyatsotevedzera maitiro ega ega ekushandisa akachengeteka, uye hapana ruzivo kubva pakupfeka zvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza vashandi kuenda kumashandiro emidziyo inogona kufuratirwa. Neiyi nzira chete iyo mabhenefiti eiyo vertical machining centre anogona kuitwa zvizere, kugona kugadzira kunogona kuvandudzwa, uye njodzi dzekuchengetedza dzinogona kudzivirirwa panguva imwe chete. Mabhizinesi anofanirwawo kusimbisa kudzidziswa kwekuchengetedza kwevashandisi, kuvandudza ruzivo rwekuchengetedza uye hunyanzvi hwekushanda kwevashandisi, uye kuona kuchengetedzwa kwekugadzirwa uye mabhenefiti ehupfumi emabhizinesi.